Soviet Montage

Some film-makers have played with this natural desire of the audience to make shots link logically together. Lev Kelshov, a Russian film-maker, in the 1920s experimented by showing a shot of an actor's face followed by a shot of food, followed by the same actor's face again followed by a dead woman, followed by the same shot of the actor's face but this time followed by by a child. Although the expressions of the actor never changed, when asked, the audience said he firstly looked hungry, then sad, then affectionate, as they tried to make the shots link together with some sort of logic. This placing together of images is called Montage. Also known as 'Soviet Montage' as it was a group of Soviet film makers who put forth explanations of what constitutes the montage effect. 

Editing

In the process of editing a film the editor looks at the film footage that has been shot in production and joins shots together to make a continuous piece of film. The editor has various methods of doing this and they will work with the director to decide which to use. 

Editing is the process of looking at all the footage which has been shot during the making of a film or video. When editing you place the footage in the desired order and actually joining it together. There are two main parts to look at when editing, 'Speed of Editing' and 'Style of Editing' which are explained below.


Speed Of Editing
When we watch a moving film of a fairly long duration we see the certain points where it has been joined together, where it has been edited. Each scene in a film usually lasts a matter of seconds, however there are some scenes which last much longer. The length of each sequence helps to establish the pace of the film. The speed of the editing may help to determine the mood that is occurring on screen. If the film makers want the audience to feel anxiety and suspense the pace of editing will be quick with the scenes changing frequently. If the film makers want the audience to feel relaxed and calm the scenes will last longer and change much less frequently, the film will adopt a slower pace.
   The scenes at the start of a film (not the opening credits), must be quite long as they are the establishing scenes which allow the audience to understand what it is going on. As the film progresses the scenes will most likely become shorter as the editing switches back and forth telling multiple stories at once.

Style of Editing
Some of these methods include:

• A Straight Cut - an abrupt transitions between two shots.
• A Fade Out - where the screen fades to black, this represents the passing of time.
• A Dissolve - where one image is slowly brought in beneath another one.
• A Wipe Cut - where one part of the screen moves to wipe across the other.
• A Jump Cut - where the audience's attention is brought into focus on something very suddenly.

The most used join in editing is the straight cut. We are so used to seeing these that we generally do not notice when they are used and a skilful editor will take care that the editing does not distract us from the action. The other types of edits can be used to create a certain effect; fades will often signify the ending of an episode in the film, dissolves will create a blending of the two scenes into each other in a story sense as well as in a physical sense. A wipe cut will be instantly more noticeable to our eyes as it is something that only ever happens on screen and, likewise, a jump cut will draw our attention immediately to a character or object that appears on screen directly after the edit.

 Different types of editing may appear more frequently in certain genres of film, for instance a wipe cut will often appear in a comedy feature film, or a jump cut in a thriller. However, most cuts can be used for a variety of effects and so we must not specify them in terms of genre.

  When the film-maker has made a choice about how to join the shots together they also have to make a choice about what order the shots in.

  Shots can be placed together so that one event logically follows from the next. We as the audience of the film try to make sense of one shot joining onto the next; for instance, if we see the outside of a house and then a shot of a chair, we automatically assume that the chair is inside the house that we have just seen the outside of. If we see a man locking a door and then getting on a bus, we assume he has walked down the road and waited for the bus.

Thriller

A thriller is hard to define. Many films may seem to be a thriller but have other genre's.

• Snakes on a plane
• Source Code
• Bourne Identity
• Fatal Attraction
• Phone booth
• etc.

Susan Hayward said in a book entitled Key Concepts in Film Studies... "Thriller is a difficult genre to pin down because it covers such a wide range of films. Thrillers are films of suspense... that are supposed to instil terror in the audience." 

ere are various different types of thrillers including:

• Spy thrillers
• Political thrillers
• Conspiracy thrillers
• Legal thrillers 
• Psychological thrillers

Coursework Brief

For our coursework we have been asked to create the titles and opening of a new fiction film in the triller genre which should last a maximum duration of two minutes.
The coursework amounts to 50% of the whole course.

Cinematography - Use Of The Camera

In the early days of cinema a camera was connected to a tripod stand to record. This is called a fixed camera. This meant it created an effect like going to a theatre, it would all be shown from one position and constantly in long shot, so that all of the set and characters were visible to everyone in the audience.
   As techniques progressed, film makers began to try different experiments such as moving the camera around creating a range of shots. This eventually led to certain conventions such as the use of a close up used for showing facial expressions to convey emotion or focus the audience on a particular thing.

Camera Framing
When speaking about camera framing we focus on what we actually see inside the frame of the screen. We concentrate on the distance of the camera from the object or character and from what angle the shot is taken.

The different shots include:

• Close Up (CU)
• Extreme Close Up (ECU)
• Mid-shot (MS)
• Long Shot (LS)
• Extreme Long Shot / Establishing Shot (ELS)
• Point Of View (POV)
• High Angle
• Low Angle
• Over the Shoulder Shot (OSS)

Camera Movement

When the camera moves from a fixed position.

 These movements include:

• Pan - when the camera rotates from left to right or vice versa.
• Tilt - when the camera 'tilts' up and down.
• Dutch Tilt - when the camera 'tilts' on an angle to give a disorientating effect.
• Zoom - when the camera remains still but the focus is adjusted to move either towards or away from the object.
• Reverse Zoom - when the camera focus zooms in whilst the camera moves out or vice versa.

Free-Form Camera Movement

When the camera is free to move around the set/location.

These Movements include:

• Track - when the camera moves fluidly on a set of tracks in a certain direction.
• Dolly - when the camera is on wheels so can be moved in any direction.
• Crane - when the camera is placed on a large crane arm that enables it to move around the set with ease. It also allows the camera to move quickly between different heights.
• Rolling - when the camera moves diagonally, making the image askew.
• Handheld - when the camera is held in a hand and can therefore move in any direction. The result is usually a very shaky picture.
• Steadicam - when the camera is worn on a weighted harness to keep it still and balanced, whilst allowing the freedom of handheld filming.

Film Language: Sound

Sound
Sound adds an extra dimension to films and has been extremely useful and common in films for a long while. The first film with sound is known to have taken place in 1911, however it was only in 1927 that the Warner Brothers released the first feature film with a soundtrack, 'The Jazz Singer'. The reason it took this long while to apply sound to film is because companies didn't want to invest the large amounts of money needed for it to be applied. However the next sound film 'Lights of New York' impressed so much that sound film took off and the entire film industry started to make sound films.

Diegetic and Non-Diegetic Sound
The film as we see on the cinema screen is known as the diegetic world.

Diegetic sound is sound which is actually part of the film world we are watching. This can be dialogue, music or sound effects which come from a source within the film world. The music in this instance will be from a source in the film which we acknowledge could actually be producing music, for example a CD player or jukebox.

Nondiegetic sound is sound which we do not recognise as part of the film world such as a voice-over or background music.

Sound Bridges
You will notice that sound from one scene may often continue even though the image on screen has moved from one scene to the next. This is known as a sound bridge which helps to create a smooth transition from one scene to another as the film would seem very disjointed if the sound changed every time the picture on the screen changed. In this way the sound is said to be enhancing the continuity of the film.

Parallel and Contrapuntal Sound
Normally in a film the sound we here compliments the image on screen. For Example if were looking at children on a beach, we expect to be hearing happy voices and children laughing and appropriate music for that scenario. This is what is known as Parallel Sound.
However similar to the film 'Jaws', if you see children playing on a beach but hear sinister music in the background which signals the arrival of the shark, it is known as contrapuntal sound because the sound does not match what we are watching on the on the screen.
 

Eagles Path

This is a storyboard we created in class. The story is about the opening of a film called 'Eagles Path' about a family living in an isolated cottage, set in the highlands of Scotland. The film slowly goes from the opening/establishing long shot of the mountains and clouds above and behind the cottage. As the scene progresses we see a man outside chopping wood. However the story then turns as a rough storm approaches which eventually evolves into a hurricane heading towards the cottage and as the family try to escape the hurricane strikes and destroys the whole village. This is where the opening ends. The storyboard is shown in the video below.